In his influential case studies on surveillance in cities as diverse as Tokyo, New York and Rio de Janeiro, Murakami Wood has shown that the data collected by close-circuit television cameras on street corners, drones flying overhead, pervasive wireless networks and distributed sensor platforms are being used increasingly in smart city initiatives for surveillance purposes. 鈥淭he smart city is the archetypal urban form of the data-driven ubiquitous surveillance society,鈥� says Murakami Wood, former Canada Research Chair in Surveillance Studies, and associate professor in the Department of Sociology.

In Tokyo, where he did research on surveillance as an Exchange Visiting Fellow at Waseda University in 2006, Murakami Wood found that video surveillance cameras and other surveillance measures were being used to compensate technologically for lost social trust and community. In an Urban Studies paper, 鈥淪urveillance in Urban Japan,鈥� he says, 鈥淛apan is an advanced urban surveillance society, dependent on sophisticated technologies for identifying, tracing and tracking citizens,鈥� and concluded that open-street closed-circuit TV in Japanese cities is often a territorializing substitute for social trust that could also hasten the decline of social cohesion.

Murakami Wood has also investigated how initiatives like Rio de Janeiro鈥檚 Smart City, sponsored by IBM, have strong influences from police and military sources, crime mapping and predictive policing models. In the marginalized favelas (informal settlements) of Rio, for example, police have built walls and installed costly networked video surveillance systems without community consultation and against local wishes, in contrast to the minimal amount spent on sewage and water services. Community members living in favelas, who wish to be treated as ordinary citizens, reported they were being watched and observed like suspects, notes Murakami Wood, who is also editor-in-chief of Surveillance & Society, the international journal of surveillance studies.

A timely example of how surveillance technologies are being embedded in the DNA of future urban communities is the smart city pilot project proposed by Sidewalk Labs (a subsidiary of Alphabet Inc., owner of Google) in Quayside, on Toronto鈥檚 Eastern waterfront. This innovative partnership between Sidewalk Labs and Waterfront Toronto will build a high-tech neighbourhood and testbed that aims to integrate technology wherever possible to create a more efficient and heavily automated urban environment.

How?

• Sidewalk Labs鈥� vision calls for trash cans and recycling bins that keep track of when and how people use them.

• Environmental probes will measure noise and pollution over time, and cameras will collect data to model and improve the flow of people, cars, buses and bikes throughout the day.

• Monitoring sensors inside and outside buildings and on streets would collect data about everything from water use and air quality to the movements and habits of residents.

• Streets would be closed to all vehicles except autonomous ones and buildings would be constructed from modular units that allow them to quickly change uses.

Murakami Wood is examining how people鈥檚 ability to give consent to use of their personal data will automatically be removed in a smart neighbourhood, or city, where big data surveillance on such a large scale is conducted and controlled by giant global technology companies like Google.

But a focus on privacy concerns alone, he suggests, obscures the larger questions about the impact and implications of smart cities on human rights in a broad sense 鈥� 聽on equity, justice and access to services. 鈥淒o smart cities fail to address existing inequalities and injustices, and actually create new inequalities and injustices?鈥� he asks.

Murakami Wood suggests that Sidewalk Labs could have created a more socially equitable and truly experimental project by launching a smart city pilot in Toronto鈥檚 Jane-Finch area (which has the city鈥檚 lowest equity score) or in an underprivileged Scarborough neighbourhood.

鈥淚t would be interesting if Sidewalk Labs were running a smart city experiment in a real urban neighbourhood, which was responsive to the needs of the people living there. A bottom-up approach would ask citizens from the neighbourhood: 鈥榃hat would you like data to do? What problems would you like data to solve? What information do you want to be public and be private?鈥欌��

He鈥檚 skeptical about whether the target demographic for the Quayside project is representative of the city鈥檚 diverse population and wonders if urban dwellers who are less privileged and less tech-savvy would have equal access to the purported benefits of the smart city. 鈥淚t鈥檚 more like a lab experiment than one in the real world. This will be a smart enclave for technology developers. But is the project actually for the rest of the people in Toronto?鈥�

Murakami Wood contrasts the narrower North American concept with the broader European idea of the smart city. 鈥淚n North America, smart cities are all about technology companies and what data can do for the city. There鈥檚 a very different concept of smart cities in Europe.聽 Europe鈥檚 idea has more to do with a good smart city, places that are convivial, nice to live in and sustainable. It鈥檚 the idea of a good city and the technology is played down. In Europe, data and technology are a means to a broader social end, which goes well beyond narrow techno-economistic purposes,鈥� he says.

Murakami Wood sees a crucial role for governments in helping to ensure that the city鈥檚 inhabitants have a strong voice in how technology and data are used to make the city a good or better place to live for all the people who live there. 鈥淚t鈥檚 very fashionable to attack governments. But government does mediate between us and the market. The market loves winners and losers. Governments try to make things not as hard for people who lose out and not to allow winners to run away with everything,鈥� he says.

If governments relinquish that role and the market rules, Murakami Wood worries that the tech companies鈥� interests will prevail and the smart city will be shaped more by what鈥檚 good for their bottom line rather than what鈥檚 good for the people living there.

In his Ubicity project, Murakami Wood worked with research assistant Vincenzo Alaimo, MA鈥�16 (Sociology), on 鈥淥pen Data Smart City,鈥� an article in Municipal World. Alaimo looked at how several Canadian municipal governments have started using open data as a way of developing smart city infrastructure. The two Ubicity researchers regard open data as a tool that enables a democratic, bottom-up approach to smart city development, as citizens are offered a chance to share concerns with government, community groups, business, and other urban stakeholders about pertinent issues and cooperatively work towards generating solutions to concerns. Citizens鈥� input is used to enhance the urban landscape, helping to make cities more efficient and liveable.

鈥淲e should think of the city as one of our highest human achievements and aspire to the ideal that the city is a good way to live,鈥� he says. A smart city would be one with a responsive government, that鈥檚 locally based and builds up from what people want. It鈥檚 about how cities can use technology and data, among other things, to build a good city and create a civic environment where many diverse people can flourish.鈥�